Research Archives
The following research projects have been completed:Adult-Onset Mobility LossAdvanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elders (ACTIVE)
Aging American Voter Project
City of Detroit 2001-2002 Elderly Needs Assessment
Cognitive Aging and NeuroimagingCognitive Assessment and Early Detection of DementiaCommunity Participation After Spinal Cord Injury: Idioms of Beliefs and BehaviorsCompensating Wage Differences in Older WorkersComprehensive Geriatric Mental Health Treatment ProgramConstructing Images of Adult-Onset Mobility Loss
Depression in Late LifeDeveloping Systems and Practices of Peer ReviewDiabetes and Self-Care
Evolution of Self-Insurance in an Era of Managed Care
Examing Inequalities in Occupational Therapy ServicesExploring Couples' Experiences and Lifestyles (EXCEL)Health Web: Increasing the Visibility of Online Health Information for Seniors
HIV Risk Behavior by African Americans Receiving Protease Inhibitor Therapy
Increasing Breast Cancer Screening, Risk Assessment, and Preventive Services Use among African American Women: Discovering the Feasibility of Web-Based Outreach and ServiceLong-Term Recovery and Spouse Caregiving at Home: Older Swedish and Non-Swedish-born Stroke SurvivorsMeaning of Self-Related Health: Patterns & SurvivalMinimum Premium Plans: Defined Contributions and Employer-Sponsored Health InsuranceOnline Health Information and Older UsersQueing Theory: Models of Age Differences in Visual SearchReducing Effects of Homelessness among Older African American WomenRelationships of Caregiving Stressors to Hypertension Treatment Adherence at 3 Month Follow-Up Among Elders Caring for Children and/or Grandchildren Social Identity and Political Participation of African AmericansStructure and Experience of Distance Supervised Level II FieldworkVisual Perception Testing for Natural Scene InterpretationsWomen and Aging: Well-being in Late LifeVirtual Age
Descriptions of completed research projects:Adult-Onset Mobility Loss
- Mark Luborsky, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
The goal of this project is to describe the experiences and meanings of adult onset mobility loss among a sample of Caucasian and African-Americans (N=216) aged 45 - 62, and test three competing theory-based hypotheses regarding the nature and impact of psychosocial experiences consequent to the loss of physical mobility.
Funding: NICHD/NCMRR - #R01HD34940
Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elders (ACTIVE)
- Peter Lichtenberg, Ph.D. (Wayne State University Site Principal Investigator)
- Michael Marsiske, Ph.D. (Project Principal Investigator)
- June Clark (Project Director)
This is a multi-site clinical trial study conducted at six locations nationally (University of Alabama Birmingham, Harvard's Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Indiana University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Pennsylvania State University, and Wayne State University), and funded by NIA and NINR. The goal of the trial is to assess whether basic cognitive training (in remembering, concentrating, and problem solving) can have positive effects in the ability to perform critical everyday tasks. Over a planned two-year follow-up interval, the study will address whether such training can have beneficial effects for such public health outcomes as institutionalization, morbidity, and mortality. Nationally, approximately 2880 participants aged 65 and older, about a third of whom are expected to be African American, will be enrolled in the study.
Aging American Voter Project
- Thomas B. Jankowski, Ph.D.
- Charles D. Elder, Ph.D.
The Aging American Voter Project is an ongoing line of research exploring the relationship between the aging process and changes in political behavior and orientation over the adult life span. Using 48 years worth of National Election Study surveys, the project seeks to illuminate the ways in which adult political learning, attachment to community, social affiliation, partisan identification, and other age-related factors influence political participation and opinion. The project also attempts to explain large-scale trends in U.S. voting turnout and other forms of participation by considering aging effects, cohort differences, and changes in historical context.
City of Detroit 2001-2002 Elderly Needs Assessment
- Elizabeth E. Chapleski, Principal Investigator
The Detroit Senior Citizens Department wants to find out what services senior citizens need. This citywide study in Detroit will use trained
WSU interviewers to contact residents over the age of 60. During the survey, seniors will be asked questions about many topics including health care, prescription drugs, transportation, recreation, housing, tax preparation and other quality of life issues. Survey participants will be chosen at random. Participants will be recieve a $10 gift certificate to either Rite-Aid or CVS Pharmacy. The results from the study could impact how City services are delivered in Detroit.
Funding: City of Detroit
Cognitive Aging and Neuroimaging
This study examines the relationship between the age-related changes in the brain and cognitive aging. The brain ages in an uneven manner: some areas undergo loss and shrinkage of the neural cells, loss of supporting tissue, and narrowing of the blood vessels. Others seem to fare better. In the realm of thinking, learning, and performance the picture is also complicated. Some areas of mental activity such as verbal knowledge and reasoning or expert performance of complicated tasks such as surgical procedures of musical instrument playing remain intact in healthy elderly. Other facets of cognitive activity such new learning show age-related declines. The goal of this research is to understand how age-related changes in specific brain regions can explain the pattern of differential age-related preservation and declines of cognitive skills. To answer these questions, Dr. Raz uses noninvasive imaging tool - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). He examines participants 18 - 85 years of age or older and follows them for five years. The relationships between the changes in regional brain volumes obtained from the MRI and the measures of cognitive skills obtained from a variety of paper-and-pencil and computer tasks are evaluated using statistical models. Dr. Raz is currently working on applying the imaging techniques to examination of age-related differences in brain activation associated with learning and thinking.
Cognitive Assessment and Early Detection of Dementia
- Peter A. Lichtenberg, Ph.D., ABPP
- Jeffery Barth, Ph.D., ABPP
- David Erlanger, Ph.D.
- Larry Lawhorne, M.D.
- Michael Maddens, M.D.
- Amanda Schaefer, M.A.
- Lisa Ficker,M.A.
This series of projects funded by a number of different sources including the NINR, Eisai and Pfizer Inc. and the Geriatric Education Center of Michigan is looking at three main areas to improve early detection of Alzheimer's Disease; (1) Use of the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation to assess cognition in African American elders, and to assess change after treatment in African American elders with Alzheimer's Disease; (2) Validation of a computer internet-based cognitive assessment system Headminders protocol; and (3) A statewide initiative to improve primary care physician awareness and ability to assess and treat dementia.
Community Participation After Spinal Cord Injury: Idioms of Beliefs and Behaviors PI: Lysack, C.
Co-PI: Luborsky, M.
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
2002-2005, $450,000
For persons with severe permanent and visible injuries like spinal cord injury (SCI), the challenge of overcoming physical and attitudinal barriers in the community and realizing full community re-integration and inclusion can be significant. The primary goal of this three year practice-focused study (n=72) is to identify individual and environmental level barriers and resources to community independence and re-integration among teenagers and younger adults in the early years post spinal cord injury. This study also seeks to shed light on the ways persons with spinal cord injury envision their sense of community and identify the modes of community engagement over time as they move from the acute post-injury phase to long term adjustment. A substantial body of literature documents that the absence of meaningful community participation is a risk factor for poor long-term medical and psychosocial outcomes in persons with a wide range of disabilities. Thus, the project is anticipated to contribute new data on community re-integration with the potential to assist persons with SCI and persons with other disabilities as well.
Compensating Wage Differences in Older Workers
- Gail Jensen, Ph.D., PI
- Michael Morrisey, Co-PI
Employers are the principal source of health insurance for Americans under age 65. Economic theory argues that workers pay for health insurance in the form of lower wages or reductions in other forms of compensation. This paper uses 1994 and 1998 Health and Retirement Survey data to examine the wage-health insurance trade-off for older U.S workers. Job and insurance choice are treated as endogenous in a two stage least squares framework. There is strong evidence supporting the treatment of nonwage benefits as endogenous. The preferred specification indicates an annual health insurance wage adjustment of $6,300. The magnitude of the tradeoff is fragile, however.
Comprehensive Geriatric Mental Health Treatment Program
- Peter Lichtenberg, Ph.D., ABPP
- Doree Ann Espiritu, M.D.
- Suzanne Keller, Ph.D.
- Kay Flavin, M.S.
- Heather Smith, MSW
- Brian Yochim, M.S.
- Norrine Zimmer, M.S
This 3-year project funded by the Flinn Foundation investigated a clinical trial of early mental health assessment and intervention, and enhanced resident and family support in a local Long Term Care facility. 179 residents and 96 families have been enrolled in the project.
Constructing Images of Adult-Onset Mobility Loss
- Mark Luborsky, Ph.D., PI
- Jennifer Buddenborg
- Lee Ann Johnson
Using photographs, interviews, and water-color illustrations (Martin Ehrling, Stockholm Sweden) the goal is to develop an educational museum exhibit (and Web site) to document how people explain how they view themselves and daily life activities with a physical disability which forces them to use mobility assistive devices (canes, walkers, wheel chairs, leg braces).
Depression in Late Life
- Peter A. Lichtenberg, Ph.D., ABPP
- Larry Lawhorne, M.D.
- Ben Mast, Ph.D.
- Brian Yochim, M.S.
This series of studies is investigating the Vascular Depression and Activity Limitation theory in older adults. Secondary data sets are being used to investigate whether vascular burden results in increased depression prevalence and poorer health outcomes. This work is being funded by the Masonic Pathways Senior Living Services, and other funding is being sought from the NIH. In collaboration with Marquette County Medical Services we are investigating the effectiveness of behavioral treatment in preventing, postponing or alleviating depression in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's Disease and in Assisted Living with the Jewish Federation Apartments.
Developing Systems and Practices of Peer Review
Dr. Luborsky is Co-Directing development task force leading to training for and implementing improved systems of peer review (including professional cultures) designed to advance critical peer review for research applications to the new Center for Health Care Sciences, and the Department of Neurotec at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Diabetes and Self-Care
- Elizabeth E. Chapleski, Principal Investigator
The purpose of the project is to learn about people's beliefs and self care behaviors related to diabetes mellitus (Type II Diabetes). Diabetes mellitus is much more likely to occur among minority people and therefore we are studying various racial and ethnic groups, including American Indian people. The interviewer will audiotape the interview which will later be transcribed for purposes of analysis.
Evolution of Self-Insurance in an Era of Managed Care
- Gail Jensen, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
- Michael Morrisey, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Co-PI
This project will look at nationally representative employer data for the years 1993-1999 to improve the understanding of self-insurance and the effects of insurance regulations on employers' funding decisions. The study will examine the percentage of firms that self-insure by year, 1993 - 1999, both overall and by type of plan and report on trends in total versus partial self-insurance and assess differences in the prevalence and nature of self-insurance by firm characteristics. A second analysis will report on self-insurance among firms with 1-199 employees in 1993 and in 1999, again distinguishing between total versus partial self-insurance and self-insurance by product line.
Funding: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Examing Inequalities in Occupational Therapy Services
- Cathy Lysack, PhD, OT(C), PI
The main goal of this study is to identify the factors that predict referral to occupational therapy home evaluation services. Research in the realm of health inequalities has confirmed that access to medical care and duration of rehabilitation varies by insurance payer, not merely objective medical need. We will conduct a secondary data analysis of a 5-year sample of all rehabilitation patients discharged from the Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan (between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1998; n=7902) to identify, describe and compare the demographic, insurance provider, and functional independence profiles of rehabilitation patients that receive an occupational therapy home evaluation and those who do not. Results are expected to have direct implications for the design and delivery of occupational therapy home evaluation programs.
Exploring Couples' Experiences and Lifestyles (EXCEL)
- Melissa Franks, Ph.D.
- Tina Hong
Our research program focuses on the interactions between married partners regarding the conduct of a healthy lifestyle. We primarily are interested in the influence of individual beliefs and perceptions on each spouse's initiation and interpretation of supportive, controlling and undermining interactions with their partner. We are nearing completion of our first project surveying couples recruited through the cardiac catheterization laboratory of a local hospital. Our second project will begin this fall and will involve in-person interviews with couples after one partner has participated in a program of cardiac rehabilitation. Collaborators on the second project include Dr. Steven Keteyian, Henry Ford Hospital, and Dr. Nancy Artinian, College of Nursing,
WSU. This project is funded through two
WSU awards, University Research Award Program and
WSU Targets of Opportunity Program.
Health Web: Increasing the Visibility of Online Health Information for Seniors
- R. Darin Ellis, Ph.D.
- Sri H. Kurniawan
- Panayiotis Zaphiris
The objective of this work is to determine factors which make it easier for older adults to find health information on the Internet. This pilot project was aimed at answering some empirical questions regarding the design of health-oriented Web sites with older users in mind. The utility of a variety of techniques (including card sorting, depth-breadth tradeoff analysis and computational task modeling) have been employed. Results are being used to stimulate theory and model development regarding older users of health information sites, and justify a case to pursue additional research in this area. External funding proposals are being developed for NIH,
NSF and private foundations.
Sponsor:
WSU Targets of Opportunity
Amount: $23,000
HIV Risk Behavior by African Americans Receiving Protease Inhibitor Therapy
- Mark Luborsky, Ph.D., Co-PI
The goal of this project is to reduce risk behavior by minorities taking protease inhibitor treatments. It will identify how risk and risk behavior is defined by African-Americans (N=60), congruence with medical definitions and evaluate how treatment programs address perceived needs related to HIV risk behaviors.
Funding: NIMH - #R01MH54391
Increasing Breast Cancer Screening, Risk Assessment, and Preventive Services Use among African American Women: Discovering the Feasibility of Web-Based Outreach and Service
- Mark Luborsky, Ph.D., PI
- David Brawn, Ph.D., Co-PI
- Andrea Sankar, Ph.D., Co-PI
- Ellen Jones, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute
- Darin Ellis, Ph.D., Co-PI
- Molly Harrod, Project Manager
The goal of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of Web-based technology to provide breast cancer screening and risk assessment information to urban African American women. This project is conducted in partnership with the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute.
The aims are to:
- Discover African American womens' patterns for using Web technology and information.
- Identify values, perceptions, and judgments women use evaluate cancer-related information, in the areas of: a) decisions affecting use/non-use of cancer preventive services, b) perception of risk-assessment related information and services, and c) comparison of Web-based resources with respondent-identified alternatives.
- Describe the web-based cancer resources used by African Americans and how these relate to barriers information and services use.
- Develop recommendations for culturally sensitive breast cancer communications and services.
Funding: State of Michigan Department of Community Health.
Long-Term Recovery and Spouse Caregiving at Home: Older Swedish and Non-Swedish-born Stroke Survivors
The goal is to identify features related to stability and change in spouse's roles (perceived needs, strategies, quality of care markers) in recovery into home and community participation, among both Swedish born and non-Swedish born older adults.
Meaning of Self-Related Health: Patterns & Survival
- Mark Luborsky, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
The goal of this project is to identify the meanings elderly (N+232) ascribe to their self-rated health (SRH) and the patterns of 12-month change in SRH using in-depth anthropology and epidemiology methods drawing a random population-based sample using Medicare beneficiary records.
Funding: NIA - #R01AG13790
Minimum Premium Plans: Defined Contributions and Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance
This study examines the extent of use of alternative contribution plans for health insurance coverage offered by employers, analyzes the determinants of choice, and estimates the effect of the choice on the cost of health insurance. Data for the study come from the 1997 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Employer Health Insurance Survey, which is nationally representative of private and public employers in the U.S. The study is first describing the use of alternative premium contribution arrangements among employers. Then, models are being estimated describing the factors that influence an employer's choice of funding arrangement, so that the role of worker heterogeneity can be isolated from other factors relevant to that choice, such as firm characteristics and the nature of the firm's local market area. Finally, the results of this analysis are being used to examine the effects of alternative contribution policies on premiums in employment-based health plans.
Online Health Information and Older Users
Recent research has shown that health information sites are one of the top destinations for older Internet users. While the Internet offers a wide variety of potential advantages to the older information seeker, there are numerous issues that require further research to optimally design health information systems for older users. Dr. Ellis's Aging and Cognitive Engineering (ACE) lab is conducting research on this issue at a number of levels. At the level of interface design and information architecture, ongoing research is applying task analysis and cognitive modeling techniques (GOMS, Latent Semantic Analysis) to the design of health information, at the structural and lexical levels, respectively. Dr. Ellis is also conducting qualitative research on the facilitators and barriers to successful use of online breast cancer screening and recruitment techniques aimed at urban African American women. The role of trust, ethnic identity, health beliefs and technology access are being investigated in this study. Finally, Dr. Ellis's lab is in the initial stages of a project aimed at combined use of the Internet and home care technology for management of type II diabetes among older minorities in an urban setting.
Queing Theory: Models of Age Differences in Visual Search
- R. Darin Ellis, Ph.D.
- Sri H. Kurniawan
- Panayiotis Zaphiris
This research uses mathematical models to describe age-related differences in fast-paced visual tasks which require attention. Applications of this research will focus on the design of dynamic information displays. Data have been collected on 300 adults across the adult life span using a single-task paradigm. Experiments using a dual-task paradigm are now being planned. This data will be analyzed using queuing formulations of multiple-resource theory. The project is also in a theory development phase to help transfer some of the results into the analysis of more "real world" search performance in applications such as detection and recognition of traffic instructions.
Sponsor: National Institute on Aging
Amount: $511,000
Reducing Effects of Homelessness among Older African American Women
- Olivia G.M. Washington, Ph.D.
This is an experimental study employing an innovative therapy intervention designed to diminish the psychological trauma of homelessness on older African American women. The results of this study will be used to develop a descriptive profile, help them improve their health, and become empowered and independent.
Relationships of Caregiving Stressors to Hypertension Treatment Adherence at 3 Month Follow-Up Among Elders Caring for Children and/or Grandchildren
Co-PI : Washington, O. G. M.
Minority Supplement, NIH/NINR
2003-2005, $78,107
This study examined the relationship between parental attitudes (stressors) at baseline with lifestyle behaviors reflected in changes in (body mass index, diet, physical activity, and medication compliance) among hypertensive African Americans at baseline and 3-month follow-up. It also described urban hypertensive African Americans caring for children/grandchildren and examined perceived parental stresses relative to their hypertension management.
Social Identity and Political Participation of African Americans
- Thomas B. Jankowski, Ph.D.
- Ronald E. Brown, Ph.D.
- Mary Herring, Ph.D.
By studying racial group consciousness, salience, common fate, cohesion, outgroup attitudes, and preferred strategies for political inclusion, we seek to better understand the socialization experiences that occur within formal and informal African American networks. In particular, our interest lies in exploring the political integration of successive generations of African Americans into the larger community and the relationship between social identity and the growth in political participation over time.
Structure and Experience of Distance Supervised Level II Fieldwork
- Mark Luborsky, Ph.D., Co-PI
The goal of this project is to describe the structure, experiences, and outcomes of one cohort of students, fieldwork educators and academic fieldwork coordinators in distance supervised Level II Fieldwork in order to help identify keys to successful and problematic placements, and to develop best practices guidelines.
Funding: American Occupational Therapy Foundation
Visual Perception Testing for Natural Scene Interpretations
- R. Darin Ellis, Ph.D.
- Gary Witus
This research is aimed at (1) creating a reference set of visual search & detection stimuli in natural scenes; (2) gathering human performance data using the stimuli; and (3) using the human performance data and the stimuli to generate and calibrate computational models of visual perception and cognition. This research will also help us understand the relative rates of decline in different aspects of vision, such sensitivity to spatial frequencies and contrast. A major contribution of this work is a deeper understanding of the visual search process using an under-studied response measure, Quitting Time.
Sponsor: Turing Associates, Inc.
Amount: $35,000
Women and Aging: Well-being in Late Life
- Cathy Lysack, PhD, OT(C), Principal Investigator
- Colette Duggan, PhD
- Doreen Head, MOT
The fastest growing segment of the American elderly population is women age 85 years and older. Yet, we lack an adequate understanding of experiences of aging and well-being from the perspective of these women. What can they tell us about the meaning of health and well-being at the end of life that can inform the complex process of developing and sustaining healthful attitudes and health promoting behaviors? Furthermore, how closely do the characteristics and predictors of "successful aging" defined by researchers approximate the domains of quality of life as defined by older adults themselves? The specific aims of this pilot project are to describe: 1) how very elderly women perceive aging and well-being across the life course; 2) how issues, dilemmas, and concerns associated with advanced age relate to present well-being; and 3) how very elderly women view and evaluate the quality of their lives in late life. This qualitative research project is focused on 20 women (10 White and 10 African American) age 85 years or over, identified by others in their communities as having lived active, satisfying and meaningful lives.
Funding: National Institute on Aging
Virtual Age
- Cathy Lysack, PhD, OT(C), Co-PI
The main goal of this training grant is to develop curricula that will increase knowledge and enhance practice in all areas of service provision to older persons. This will be accomplished by expanding an interdisciplinary training program that promotes the effectiveness of allied health professionals in geriatric assessment and practice and uses new web-based education technology to make the curriculum accessible to a significantly larger number of students and returning professionals than would otherwise be available through traditional didactic methods of education. The project is a new research collaboration between Western Michigan University and the Institute of Gerontology at Wayne State University.